Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/307926 
Year of Publication: 
2024
Series/Report no.: 
GLO Discussion Paper No. 1543
Publisher: 
Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen
Abstract: 
The COVID-19 pandemic caused widespread disruptions to education, with school closures affecting over one billion children. These closures, aimed at reducing virus transmission, resulted in significant learning losses, particularly in mathematics and science. Using data from TIMSS 2023, which assesses fourth and eighth-grade achievements across 71 education systems, this study analyzes the impact of school closure duration on learning outcomes. Mixed-effect models estimate deviations from pre-pandemic trends, adjusting for demographic factors. Results show a global average decline of 0.11 standard deviations (SD) in student achievement, with longer closures linked to more severe losses. The effects on low performers, girls, and linguistic minorities show effect sizes up to 0.22 SD. These findings highlight the lasting impact of school closures and emphasize the need for targeted recovery strategies and international cooperation to promote equitable educational outcomes post-pandemic.
Subjects: 
Pandemics
human capital
returns to education
labor markets
COVID-19
JEL: 
E24
J11
J17
J31
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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