Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/281677 
Year of Publication: 
2024
Series/Report no.: 
GLO Discussion Paper No. 1389
Publisher: 
Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen
Abstract: 
This study investigates the long-term effect of the density of the elite - the highest educated - during the period 1075-1919 on today's educational attainment and economic performance in Vietnam. Using nearly 20,000 elites, including 17,061 junior bachelors and bachelors, and 2,895 doctors who passed the imperial examination (1075-1919), and the distance to the nearest examination centers as an instrumental variable, we find that elite density has persistent effects on the present-day educational attainment, income, poverty, and night-time light intensity. The impact of the elite density on schooling years tends to be higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Our findings are robust to a variety of model specifications.
Subjects: 
Human capital
historical legacy
economic growth
household income
JEL: 
I25
O12
E24
N35
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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