Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/244593 
Year of Publication: 
2021
Series/Report no.: 
GLO Discussion Paper No. 967
Publisher: 
Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen
Abstract: 
We apply the Kakwani approach to decomposing redistributive effect into average rate, progressivity, and reranking components using yearly UK data covering 1977-2018. We examine cash and in-kind benefits, and direct and indirect taxes. In addition, we highlight an empirical implementation issue - the definition of the reference ('pre-fisc') distribution. Drawing on an innovative counterfactual approach, our empirical analysis shows that trends in the redistributive effect of cash benefits are largely associated with cyclical changes in average benefit rates. In contrast, trends in the redistributive effects of direct and indirect taxes are mostly associated with changes in progressivity. For in-kind benefits, changes in the average benefit rate and progressivity each played the major roles at different times.
Subjects: 
Kakwani decomposition
inequality
redistributive effect
progressivity
reranking
benefits
taxes
JEL: 
D31
H24
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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