Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/228707 
Year of Publication: 
2021
Series/Report no.: 
GLO Discussion Paper No. 761
Publisher: 
Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen
Abstract: 
A double disadvantage occurs when the interaction of two disadvantages generates an additional disadvantage. We show that second-generation immigrant children in the Italian primary school experience a double disadvantage that, relative to the average native, reduces scores in Italian by 17% and in Math by 20%. The double disadvantage stems from the interaction of the immigration background with age effects (namely, Absolute Age Effect and Relative Age Effect). In a policy perspective, we show that controlling for age effects in class composition criteria pursues integration because it delivers extra benefits to second-generation immigrant children. Besides, we point out the possibility of exploiting the larger impact of the relative age on second-generation children in order to support their performance and reduce the large penalization associated to the immigration background.
Subjects: 
second-generation immigrants
education
age effects
double disadvantage
JEL: 
I21
J01
J13
Z13
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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