Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/321895 
Authors: 
Year of Publication: 
2025
Series/Report no.: 
SWP Comment No. 30/2025
Publisher: 
Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP), Berlin
Abstract: 
Authoritarian states are increasingly leveraging non-state cyber capabilities to expand their operational reach, thereby challenging conventional distinctions between state and non-state activity. This practice complicates attribution and presents obstacles for coordinated international responses. Moreover, as cyber threats become more complex and entangled, effective countermeasures necessitate enhanced information sharing, trusted partnerships and the development of response tools that function independently of political attribution.
Subjects: 
authoritarian states
cyber operations
enforcement
Russia
China
state and non-state activity
European Repository of Cyber Incidents (EuRepoC)
NotPetya
North Korea
Persistent Identifier of the first edition: 
Creative Commons License: 
cc-by Logo
Document Type: 
Research Report

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