Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/320123 
Year of Publication: 
2025
Series/Report no.: 
CESifo Working Paper No. 11902
Publisher: 
CESifo GmbH, Munich
Abstract: 
This study examines the interplay of co-determination law and board gender quotas using novel board-director panel data for Norway. We present descriptive evidence suggesting that boards with employee representatives on boards of directors were more gender diverse before the gender quota. Difference-in-differences estimation results reveal that the differential effect of employee representation on gender diversity is negative after implementing the quota. Boards with employee representatives have recruited fewer women during the phase-in period and the flexible quota tended to be ineffective. We interpret the effect through employee representation as a potential mediating factor of board gender quotas on gender diversity.
Subjects: 
employee representation
boards of directors
gender
leadership affirmative action
public policy
shareholder directors
firm size
JEL: 
G34
J16
J53
J51
J78
M54
Document Type: 
Working Paper
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