Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/314743 
Year of Publication: 
2025
Series/Report no.: 
CESifo Working Paper No. 11704
Publisher: 
CESifo GmbH, Munich
Abstract: 
Global firms have a higher share of female employees than domestic non-exporters. To explain this fact, this paper tests whether international trade and FDI are channels through which norms regarding gender (in)equality are transmitted from customers and investors to firms. We employ pooled cross-sectional data from 2007 - 2016 for around 28,000 firms in 104 different countries. We compare global versus non-global firms in the same market to study the influence of firms' exposure to gender norms in commercial partner countries. The results show a race to the top for low- and mid-level jobs and the opposite for top managerial positions.
Subjects: 
globalization
international trade
FDI
gender
transmission of social norms
JEL: 
F66
D22
F42
J16
Document Type: 
Working Paper
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