Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/279934 
Authors: 
Year of Publication: 
2023
Series/Report no.: 
SWP Comment No. 44/2023
Publisher: 
Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP), Berlin
Abstract: 
The armed groups that have formed in Libya since 2011 have progressively taken over the state. They are undergoing a process of institutionalisation, and their representatives are reaching the top levels of the army, the security apparatus and the civilian government. At the same time, they are exerting massive influence over who gets key appointments and how state resources are distributed. The resulting amalgamation of private interests mixed with military units is likely to shape Libya's political and security landscapes for years to come. Since mid-2022, relations between leading military actors have been characterised by pragmatic arrangements. But they continue to harbour considerable potential for conflict as distributive conflicts can quickly lead to armed confrontation. The consolidation of private armies also diminishes the pros­pect of security sector reform. European governments should reconsider how they engage with Libya's increasingly powerful and repressive militia leaders.
Subjects: 
Libya
Libyan Arab Armed Forces (LAAF)
armed groups
militias
security sector reform (SSR)
disarmament
demobilisation and reintegration (DDR)
444th Brigade
Khalifa Haftar
Abdelhamid Dabeiba
Abdelghani al-Kikli
Abderrauf Kara
Emad al-Trabelsi
Essam Buzriba
Faraj al-Gaim
Persistent Identifier of the first edition: 
Document Type: 
Research Report

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