Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/192603 
Year of Publication: 
2010
Series/Report no.: 
Discussion Papers No. 621
Publisher: 
Statistics Norway, Research Department, Oslo
Abstract: 
Despite a broad consensus on the need to take into account the value of public services in distributional analysis, there is little reliable evidence on how the inclusion of such non-cash income actually affects poverty and inequality estimates. In particular, the equivalence scales applied to cash income are not necessarily appropriate when including non-cash income, because the receipt of public services is likely to be associated with particular needs. In this paper, we propose a theory-based framework designed to provide a coherent evaluation of the distributional impact of local public services. The valuation of public services, identification of target groups, allocation of expenditures to target groups, and adjustment for differences in needs are derived from a model of local government spending behaviour. Using Norwegian data from municipal accounts and administrative registers we find that the inclusion of non-cash income reduces income inequality by about 15 percent and poverty rates by almost one-third. However, adjusting for differences in needs for public services across population subgroups offsets about half the inequality reduction and some of the poverty decrease.
Subjects: 
Income distribution
poverty
public services
non-cash income
needs adjustment
equivalence scales
JEL: 
D31
H72
I30
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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