Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/95356 
Authors: 
Year of Publication: 
2012
Series/Report no.: 
LIS Working Paper Series No. 576
Publisher: 
Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), Luxembourg
Abstract: 
Although mothers are increasingly joining the labor force, employers continue to pay mothers less than non-mothers and fathers more than non-fathers. Using data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), this paper investigates the influence of parental status on the incomes of men and women in eight industrialized countries. I demonstrate the existence of an employer bias against mothers in all countries except the Netherlands and a bias toward fathers in all countries except the Netherlands and Luxembourg. I then compare three methods for categorizing countries based on gender equality to see which best explains the cross-national variation in motherhood penalties and fatherhood bonuses.
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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