Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/86180 
Year of Publication: 
2007
Series/Report no.: 
Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper No. 07-072/3
Publisher: 
Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam and Rotterdam
Abstract: 
The literature that tests for U-shaped relationships using panel data, such as those between pollution and income or inequality and growth, reports widely divergent (parametric and non-parametric) empirical findings. We explain why lack of identification lies at the root of these differences. To deal with this lack of identification, we propose an identification strategy that explicitly distinguishes between what can be identified on the basis of the data and what is a consequence of subjective choices due to a lack of identification. We apply our methodology to the pollution-income relationship of both CO2- and SO2-emissions. Interestingly, our approach yields estimates of both income (scale) and time (composition and/or technology) effects for these reduced-form relationships that are insensitive to the required subjective choices and consistent with theoretical predictions.
Subjects: 
Identification
Panel Data
Reduced-Form (Semi-)Parametric Estimation
Emission-Income Relationships
JEL: 
C33
O50
Q40
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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