Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/340034 
Title (translated): 
Dreaming of a home: The regional divide in housing affordability
Year of Publication: 
2026
Series/Report no.: 
Kiel Policy Brief No. 210
Publisher: 
Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Kiel
Abstract: 
Der gestiegene Eigenkapitalbedarf stellt die zentrale Hürde beim Immobilienerwerb in Deutschland dar. Im Median musste ein durchschnittlicher Haushalt, zwischen 2015 und 2024, 9,37 Jahre sparen, um das erforderliche Eigenkapital aufzubringen. • Einen wesentlichen Anteil macht hierbei nicht der Preis an sich aus, sondern die anfallenden Erwerbsnebenkosten. Allein für die Grunderwerbsteuer sowie die Notar- und Grundbuchkosten beträgt die mediane Sparzeit 1,46 Jahre. • Die regionale Ungleichheit ist erheblich: Die Sparzeit für den gesamten Eigenkapitalbedarf variiert zwischen den Kreisen stark und erreicht in München und seinem Umland sowie in anderen besonders teuren Wachstumsregionen Werte von weit über 20 Jahren. • Ein Vergleich zeigt: Hohe Gesamtbelastungen sind vor allem Ausdruck hoher Preise. Bei den Erwerbsnebenkosten kommen darüber hinaus Unterschiede zum Tragen, die auf die unterschiedlichen Grunderwerbsteuersätze der Bundesländer zurückzuführen sind. • Diese Einstiegshürde trifft diejenigen besonders hart, die über kein Vermögen und keine familiäre Unterstützung verfügen. Der Zugang zu Wohneigentum, und somit auch die Möglichkeit des Vermögensaufbaus, ist regional ungleich verteilt. • Wenn die Politik den Zugang zu Wohneigentum erleichtern möchte, sollte sie deshalb insbesondere bei den einmaligen Erwerbsnebenkosten ansetzen. Hier liegt ein eher kurzfristig beeinflussbarer Hebel als beim Preisniveau selbst. @• The rise in total upfront cash requirement has become the main obstacle to homeownership in Germany. Between 2015 and 2024, the average household needed a median of 9.37 years to save the necessary funds for a home purchase. • A substantial share of this burden comes not from the price itself, but from the closing costs incurred at purchase. For the real estate transfer tax and notary and land registry fees alone, the median saving time amounts to 1.46 years. • Regional inequality is considerable: the time needed to save for the total upfront cash requirement varies sharply across districts and exceeds 20 years in Munich and its surrounding area, as well as in other particularly expensive growth regions. • A comparison shows that high overall burdens primarily reflect high prices. In the case of closing costs, however, additional differences arise from the variation in real estate transfer tax rates across the German states. • This entry barrier hits those who lack wealth and family support especially hard. Access to homeownership, and thus also the opportunity to build wealth, is unevenly distributed across regions. • If policymakers want to broaden access to homeownership, they should focus in particular on one-off closing costs. This is a policy lever that can be influenced more readily in the short run than the price level itself.
Abstract (Translated): 
The rise in total upfront cash requirement has become the main obstacle to homeownership in Germany. Between 2015 and 2024, the average household needed a median of 9.37 years to save the necessary funds for a home purchase. • A substantial share of this burden comes not from the price itself, but from the closing costs incurred at purchase. For the real estate transfer tax and notary and land registry fees alone, the median saving time amounts to 1.46 years. • Regional inequality is considerable: the time needed to save for the total upfront cash requirement varies sharply across districts and exceeds 20 years in Munich and its surrounding area, as well as in other particularly expensive growth regions. • A comparison shows that high overall burdens primarily reflect high prices. In the case of closing costs, however, additional differences arise from the variation in real estate transfer tax rates across the German states. • This entry barrier hits those who lack wealth and family support especially hard. Access to homeownership, and thus also the opportunity to build wealth, is unevenly distributed across regions. • If policymakers want to broaden access to homeownership, they should focus in particular on one-off closing costs. This is a policy lever that can be influenced more readily in the short run than the price level itself.
Subjects: 
Erschwinglichkeit von Wohneigentum
Wohneigentum
Vermögensungleichheit
Housing affordability
Homeownership
Wealth inequality
JEL: 
R21
R31
D31
G51
Document Type: 
Research Report

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