Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/339285 
Year of Publication: 
2026
Series/Report no.: 
Working Paper No. 151
Publisher: 
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento di Economia e Finanza (DISCE), Milano
Abstract: 
In this paper, we investigate the relationship between language background and labour market outcomes in the bilingual labour market of the Spanish region of Catalonia. The empirical analysis draws on repeated cross-sectional data that allow us to construct a quantitative measure of linguistic distance based on respondents' native language, computed with respect to Catalan, the local language of Catalonia. As labour market outcomes, we consider employment probability and occupational quality, proxied by an indicator for holding a high-skilled job and by an ordinal measure of occupational skill level. The results indicate that, conditional on place of origin and a set of predetermined individual characteristics and controlling for origin-specific trends in years since migration, linguistic distance is not associated with employment. However, it is negatively related to both the likelihood of holding a high-skilled job and occupational skill levels. We analyse the role of language skills as a mechanism, showing that oral and written proficiency in Catalan are key drivers of the negative relationship between linguistic distance and occupational quality. Moreover, this relationship does not appear to be confounded by proficiency in Spanish, and the overall results are robust to a battery of robustness checks. Finally, the analysis of heterogeneous effects reveals an employment penalty associated with linguistic distance among females, and shows that its association with occupational quality is entirely driven by highly educated workers.
Subjects: 
linguistic distance
employment
occupation
multilingualism
JEL: 
J15
J24
J61
Z13
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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