Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/335080 
Year of Publication: 
2025
Citation: 
[Journal:] Environmental and Resource Economics [ISSN:] 1573-1502 [Volume:] 88 [Issue:] 12 [Publisher:] Springer Netherlands [Place:] Dordrecht [Year:] 2025 [Pages:] 3765-3804
Publisher: 
Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht
Abstract: 
While the global economy continues to grow, ecosystem services tend to stagnate or decline. Economic theory has shown how such shifts in relative scarcities can be reflected in project appraisal and accounting, but empirical evidence has been sparse to put theory into practice. To estimate relative price changes (RPCs) for ecosystem services to be used for making such adjustments, we perform a global meta-analysis of contingent valuation studies to derive income elasticities of marginal willingness to pay (WTP) for ecosystem services to proxy the degree of limited substitutability. Based on 735 income-WTP pairs from 396 studies, we find an income elasticity of WTP of around 0.6. Combined with good-specific growth rates, we estimate an RPC of ecosystem services of around 1.7% per year. In an application to natural capital valuation of forest ecosystem services by the World Bank, we show that natural capital should be uplifted by around 40%. Our assessment of aggregate public natural capital yields a larger value adjustment of between 58 and 97%, depending on the discount rate. We discuss implications for policy appraisal and for estimates of natural capital in comprehensive wealth accounts.
Subjects: 
Willingness to pay
Ecosystem services
Income elasticity
Limited substitutability
Growth
Relative prices
Contingent valuation
Forests
Natural capital
JEL: 
D61
H43
Q51
Q54
Q58
Persistent Identifier of the first edition: 
Creative Commons License: 
cc-by Logo
Document Type: 
Article
Document Version: 
Published Version

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