Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/334937 
Year of Publication: 
2025
Series/Report no.: 
ECB Working Paper No. 3077
Publisher: 
European Central Bank (ECB), Frankfurt a. M.
Abstract: 
We examine the link between the diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI) enabled technologies and changes in the female employment share in 16 European countries over the period 2011-2019. Using data for occupations at the 3-digit level, we find that on average female employment shares increased in occupations more exposed to AI. Countries with high initial female labor force participation and higher initial female relative education show a stronger positive association. While there exists heterogeneity across countries, almost all show a positive relation between changes in female employment shares within occupations and exposure to AI-enabled automation.
Subjects: 
employment
gender
skills
occupations
artificial intelligence
female work
gender equality
professional qualifications
participation of women
automation
working population
EU Member State
JEL: 
J23
O33
Persistent Identifier of the first edition: 
ISBN: 
978-92-899-7387-8
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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