Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/319152 
Year of Publication: 
2025
Series/Report no.: 
IZA Discussion Papers No. 17883
Publisher: 
Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn
Abstract: 
We study whether commuting barriers constrain women's labor supply in urban Pakistan. We randomize offers of gender-segregated or mixed-gender commuting services at varying prices. Women-only transport more than doubles job application rates, while mixed-gender transport has minimal effects on men's and women's application rates. Women value the women-only service more than large price discounts for the mixed-gender service. Results are similar for baseline labor force participants and non-participants, suggesting there are many "latent jobseekers" close to the margin of participation. These findings highlight the importance of safety and propriety concerns in women's labor decisions.
Subjects: 
gender
mobility
transport
female labor force participation
JEL: 
J16
J22
J28
L91
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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