Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/314533 
Year of Publication: 
2025
Series/Report no.: 
IZA Discussion Papers No. 17636
Publisher: 
Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn
Abstract: 
This article provides empirical researchers with an introduction and guide to research designs based on variation in judge and examiner tendencies to administer treatments or other interventions. We review the basic theory behind the research design, outline the assumptions under which the design identifies causal effects, describe empirical tests of the conditions for identification, and discuss tradeoffs associated with choices researchers must make for estimation. We demonstrate concepts and best practices concretely in an empirical case study that uses an examiner tendency research design to study the effects of pre-trial detention.
Subjects: 
judges
examiners
judge fixed effects
applied econometrics
JEL: 
C21
C26
C31
K14
C54
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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