Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/305737 
Year of Publication: 
2024
Series/Report no.: 
IZA Discussion Papers No. 17295
Publisher: 
Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn
Abstract: 
This paper provides an overview of what has happened over the past fifty years for women as they worked to break through professional barriers in economics, policy, and institutional leadership. We chart the progress of women in higher education at the college level and beyond and then go on to examine women's representation at the upper levels of academia, government, law, medicine, and management. We begin our description of trends in 1972 when Title IX was enacted, prohibiting sex-based discrimination in federally funded educational programs. The data paint a picture of considerable progress but also persistent inequities. We then go on to consider possible explanations for the continuing gender differences and some of the empirical evidence on the factors identified.
Subjects: 
labor economics
economics of gender
labor force trends
education
discrimination
women leadership
JEL: 
J0
J01
J10
J16
J2
J21
J24
J7
J70
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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