Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/272607 
Year of Publication: 
2023
Series/Report no.: 
IZA Discussion Papers No. 15980
Publisher: 
Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn
Abstract: 
The pandemic catalyzed an enduring shift to remote work. To measure and characterize this shift, we examine more than 250 million job vacancy postings across five English-speaking countries. Our measurements rely on a state-of-the-art languageprocessing framework that we fit, test, and refine using 30,000 human classifications. We achieve 99% accuracy in flagging job postings that advertise hybrid or fully remote work, greatly outperforming dictionary methods and also outperforming other machine-learning methods. From 2019 to early 2023, the share of postings that say new employees can work remotely one or more days per week rose more than three-fold in the U.S and by a factor of five or more in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the U.K. These developments are highly non-uniform across and within cities, industries, occupations, and companies. Even when zooming in on employers in the same industry competing for talent in the same occupations, we find large differences in the share of job postings that explicitly offer remote work.
Subjects: 
remote work
hybrid work
work from home
job vacancies
text classifiers
BERT
pandemic impact
labour markets
COVID-19
JEL: 
E24
O33
R3
M54
C55
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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