Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/268945 
Year of Publication: 
2023
Citation: 
[Journal:] Journal of Happiness Studies [ISSN:] 1573-7780 [Volume:] 24 [Issue:] 2 [Publisher:] Springer [Place:] Dordrecht [Year:] 2023 [Pages:] 477-503
Publisher: 
Springer, Dordrecht
Abstract: 
Empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that an individual’s position in an income stratum—more than the absolute income level—determines subjective well-being. However, studies on subjective well-being suffer from a critical methodological weakness: they use exogenously defined reference groups. Our study addresses this point by applying an innovative new survey instrument. We ask respondents to identify individual reference persons for income comparisons. We find that these reference persons come from a range of social groups. Interactions between personality traits and the direction of income comparisons lead to different levels of subjective well-being. This highlights the importance of collecting information on personality traits in research on subjective well-being. We conclude that questions about self-defined individual income comparisons can be a valuable and straightforward addition to future surveys.
Subjects: 
subjective well-being
income comparisons
reference groups
Persistent Identifier of the first edition: 
Creative Commons License: 
cc-by Logo
Document Type: 
Article
Document Version: 
Published Version

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