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dc.contributor.authorClark, Andrew E.en
dc.contributor.authorSenik, Claudiaen
dc.date.accessioned2009-11-17-
dc.date.accessioned2010-07-07T12:06:45Z-
dc.date.available2010-07-07T12:06:45Z-
dc.date.issued2009-
dc.identifier.piurn:nbn:de:101:1-200910122556en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10419/36199-
dc.description.abstractThis paper provides unprecedented direct evidence from large-scale survey data on both the intensity (how much?) and direction (to whom?) of income comparisons. Income comparisons are considered to be at least somewhat important by three-quarters of Europeans. They are associated with both lower levels of subjective well-being and a greater demand for income redistribution. The rich compare less and are more happy than average when they do, which latter is consistent with relative income theory. With respect to the direction of comparisons, colleagues are the most frequently-cited reference group. Those who compare to colleagues are happier than those who compare to other benchmarks; comparisons to friends are both less widespread and are associated with the lowest well-being scores. This is consistent with information effects, as colleagues' income arguably contains more information about the individual's own future prospects than do the incomes of other reference groups. Last, there is some evidence that reference groups are endogenous, with individuals tending to compare to those with whom they interact the most often.en
dc.language.isoengen
dc.publisher|aInstitute for the Study of Labor (IZA) |cBonnen
dc.relation.ispartofseries|aIZA Discussion Papers |x4414en
dc.subject.jelD31en
dc.subject.jelD63en
dc.subject.jelI3en
dc.subject.jelJ31en
dc.subject.jelZ13en
dc.subject.ddc330en
dc.subject.keywordIncome comparisonsen
dc.subject.keywordrelative incomeen
dc.subject.keywordreference groupsen
dc.subject.keywordhappinessen
dc.subject.keywordredistributionen
dc.subject.keywordEuropean Social Surveyen
dc.subject.stwEinkommensverteilungen
dc.subject.stwMeinungen
dc.subject.stwInformationsverhaltenen
dc.subject.stwVergleichen
dc.subject.stwLebenszufriedenheiten
dc.subject.stwEU-Staatenen
dc.titleWho compares to whom? The anatomy of income comparisons in Europe-
dc.type|aWorking Paperen
dc.identifier.ppn612960439en
dc.rightshttp://www.econstor.eu/dspace/Nutzungsbedingungenen

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