Abstract:
This paper explores the relationship between geographic mortality differentials and human capital investment patterns in the Malthusian setup of 19th-century Armenia. We examine how variations in altitude correlate with mortality rates, human capital accumulation, and fertility decisions. Using detailed historical census and parish records, we document that lower population density at higher altitudes limits the spread of respiratory diseases, leading to lower mortality rates. Our empirical analysis shows that individuals in these environments display better numeracy skills and lower fertility rates. These findings align with the Ben-Porath hypothesis, suggesting that longer life horizons encourage shifting from child quantity to quality. Furthermore, these results are not driven by income differences or increased female autonomy arising from pastoral agriculture.
