Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/339364 
Year of Publication: 
2026
Series/Report no.: 
Discussion Paper Series No. 54
Publisher: 
University of Freiburg, Department of International Economic Policy (iep), Freiburg i. Br.
Abstract: 
We estimate the causal effect of access to clean water sources on educational outcomes in Indonesia. Using the longitudinal Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) panel dataset, which follows the same individuals from 1993 to 2014, and applying household fixed effects allows us to identify the causal effect of access to clean water at different childhood stages on children's educational performance. We find that lifetime and early childhood access increases strongly the likelihood of completing junior and senior secondary school; later-gained access has no discernible effect on school performance. Our results underscore the need to provide access to clean water very early on.
Subjects: 
Access to Tap Water
Access to Improved Water
Educational Outcomes
Indonesia
JEL: 
I25
O15
Q53
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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