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Erscheinungsjahr: 
2026
Schriftenreihe/Nr.: 
PIDS Discussion Paper Series No. 2026-01
Verlag: 
Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS), Quezon City
Zusammenfassung: 
The Philippines aspires to become a predominantly middle-class society by 2040. Significant strides have been achieved in the reduction of extreme poverty. However, the COVID-19 pandemic exposed the fragility of recent gains and the vulnerability of many households to economic shocks. This study examines the dynamics and characteristics of the middle-income class and analyzes household vulnerability to income poverty using the Family Income and Expenditure Survey and Labor Force Survey data from 2018, 2021 and 2023 using the methodology developed by Chaudhuri and Datt (2001). Traditional poverty measures underestimate the at-risk population. Vulnerability affects 30.0 percent of Filipino households, 2.75 times higher than the household poverty incidence of 10.9 percent in 2023. Households face vulnerability for distinctly different reasons. Eighty-six percent of vulnerable families experience income volatility, while seventy-three percent of the highly vulnerable have persistently low incomes. Stark rural-urban disparities also persist, with rural vulnerability incidence at 43.0 percent in contrast with 20.0 percent in urban areas. Regional variations of vulnerability range from 9.0 percent in the National Capital Region to 76.0 percent in rural BARMM. These findings have significant implications for the motivation and design of social protection systems in the country. Social protection must evolve from reactive poverty relief to a broader and proactive focus on resilience building. Differentiated interventions must be based on needs of specific segments: insurance and income stabilization mechanisms for the vulnerable majority who experience income volatility, and poverty reduction programs targeted for the low-income vulnerable. Infrastructure development, education, sectoral transition from agriculture to the highly productive sectors in services, industry and manufacturing, as well as climate risk management emerge as critical protective factors. Achieving the 2040 vision requires bold policy reforms that expand social protection to universal coverage aligned with upper middle-income country standards, strengthen household resilience, and address the structural factors that perpetuate vulnerability across sectors.
Schlagwörter: 
poverty reduction
poverty alleviation
social protection
middle-income class
middle-class
inclusive growth
vulnerability to poverty
poverty
Philippines
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Dokumentart: 
Working Paper

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