Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/335008 
Year of Publication: 
2025
Series/Report no.: 
JRC Working Papers on Taxation and Structural Reforms No. 6/2025
Publisher: 
European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Seville
Abstract: 
We analyse the distribution of emissions and other environmental pressures embedded in household consumption across the EU. For this purpose, we extend the microsimulation model EUROMOD with environmental data from an input-output database to estimate environmental footprints embedded in household consumption associated with emissions like nitrogen and particulate matter, as well as other environmental pressures, like water and energy footprints. We then assess the distribution of these environmental footprints across different household characteristics like income, household type, urban density and others. We go into further detail by distinguishing environmental pressures by the stage along the value chain at which they occur, as well as by the consumption group they are associated with and by region. Our main finding is that all environmental pressures increase with income, but the extent to which they increase depends crucially on the consumption category, the specific environmental pressure, households' further socio-economic characteristics and other factors. We argue that accounting for these factors is key for designing fair and effective environmental policy.'
Subjects: 
Environmental impact
Private consumption
Private household
Microsimulation
EU countries
Creative Commons License: 
cc-by Logo
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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