Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/315324 
Year of Publication: 
2024
Citation: 
[Journal:] The Journal of Economic Inequality [ISSN:] 1573-8701 [Volume:] 22 [Issue:] 3 [Publisher:] Springer US [Place:] New York [Year:] 2024 [Pages:] 735-755
Publisher: 
Springer US, New York
Abstract: 
Abstract Excessive work among adolescents may compromise educational development. Without home appliances, household work can take over 50 h a week and an additional 30 h when an infant is present. School-aged girls are often tasked with doing laundry, which is time-consuming and inflexible without a washing machine. We determined the association between washing machine ownership and school attendance among adolescents ages 10–19 years in 19 middle-income countries between 2000 and 2021 ( N  = 1,622,514). We controlled for socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, all neighborhood-level factors, and examined differences by sex, age, household wealth, and period. No relationship between washing machine ownership and school attendance was found in most countries: However, there was a substantial association for girls in Türkiye and a small to moderate association for girls in Egypt and Albania. In Türkiye, for example, girls living in households with a washing machine had 28% (95% CI 19, 37) greater school attendance compared to girls living in households which did not. No association was observed for boys. The results suggest that household ownership of a washing machine does generally not improve school attendance among girls, except possibly in specific contexts.
Subjects: 
School attendance
Household work
Washing machine
Middle-income countries
Persistent Identifier of the first edition: 
Creative Commons License: 
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Document Type: 
Article
Document Version: 
Published Version
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