Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/212933 
Authors: 
Year of Publication: 
2019
Series/Report no.: 
BOFIT Discussion Papers No. 25/2019
Publisher: 
Bank of Finland, Institute for Economies in Transition (BOFIT), Helsinki
Abstract: 
Benford's law states that the leading significant digits in real-world data sets, provided the data span several orders of magnitude, are not normally uniformly distributed. Deviations from this law may indicate human intervention, even fraud. The data on Chinese banks' non-performing loans has sometimes deviated from Benford's law. Up to 2012, the frequency of ones as leading significant digits was lower than predicted by Benford's law. Surprisingly, the number of ones well exceeded the expected level for large and government-owned banks during 2015–2018.
JEL: 
C46
G21
Persistent Identifier of the first edition: 
ISBN: 
978-952-323-308-9
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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