Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/59683 
Authors: 
Year of Publication: 
2010
Series/Report no.: 
Discussion Paper No. 1489
Publisher: 
Northwestern University, Kellogg School of Management, Center for Mathematical Studies in Economics and Management Science, Evanston, IL
Abstract: 
In Anscombe and Aumann's (1963) domain, there are two types of mixtures. One is an ex-ante mixture, or a lottery on acts. The other is an ex-post mixture, or a state-wise mixture of acts. These two mixtures have been assumed to be indifferent under the Reversal of Order axiom. However, we argue that the difference between these two mixtures is crucial in some important contexts. Under ambiguity aversion, an ex-ante mixture could provide only ex-ante hedging but not ex-post hedging. Under inequality aversion, an ex-ante mixture could provide only ex-ante equality but not ex-post equality. We provide a unified framework that treats a preference for exante mixtures separately from a preference for ex-post mixtures. In particular, two representations are characterized for each context. One representation for ambiguity aversion is an extension of Gilboa and Schmeidler's (1989) Maxmin preferences. The other representation for inequality aversion is an extension of Fehr and Schmidt's (1999) Piecewise preferences. In both representations, a single parameter characterizes a preference for ex-ante mixtures. For both representations, instead of the Reversal of Order axiom, we propose a weaker axiom, the Indifference axiom, which is a criterion, suggested in Raiffa's (1961) critique, for evaluating lotteries on acts. These models are consistent with much recent experimental evidence in each context.
Subjects: 
Ambiguity
randomization
Ellsberg paradox
other-regarding preferences
inequality
maxmin utility
JEL: 
D81
D03
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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