Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/333298 
Year of Publication: 
2024
Citation: 
[Journal:] Journal of Economics and Statistics [ISSN:] 2366-049X [Volume:] 244 [Issue:] 5/6 [Year:] 2024 [Pages:] 585-604
Publisher: 
De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Berlin
Abstract: 
We analyse changes in the National Football League (NFL) due to ghost games in 2020. The home bias disappears as expected. This also applies to semi-ghost games with significantly fewer spectators than regular games and to referee decisions regarding penalties.
Subjects: 
American football
COVID-19
ghost games
home bias
NFL
JEL: 
Z19
Z20
Persistent Identifier of the first edition: 
Creative Commons License: 
cc-by Logo
Document Type: 
Article

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