Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/333223 
Year of Publication: 
2025
Citation: 
[Journal:] Journal of Population Economics [ISSN:] 1432-1475 [Volume:] 38 [Issue:] 4 [Article No.:] 82 [Publisher:] Springer Berlin Heidelberg [Place:] Berlin/Heidelberg [Year:] 2025
Publisher: 
Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin/Heidelberg
Abstract: 
Abstract Stock estimates of missing women suggest that excess female deaths are concentrated in South and East Asia and among young children. In contrast, flow estimates suggest that gender bias in mortality is much larger than previously estimated using stock measures, is as severe among adults as it is among children in India and China, and is larger in Sub-Saharan Africa than in India and China. We show that the different stock and flow measure results rely on the choice of the reference standard for mortality and an incomplete correction for different disease environments in the flow measure. Alternative reference standards reconcile the results of the two measures.
Subjects: 
Missing women
Gender bias
Mortality
Disease
Age
Sub-Saharan Africa
China
India
Persistent Identifier of the first edition: 
Additional Information: 
J16;D63;I14;I15;O15
Creative Commons License: 
cc-by Logo
Document Type: 
Article
Document Version: 
Published Version
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