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Erscheinungsjahr: 
2022
Quellenangabe: 
[Journal:] Economies [ISSN:] 2227-7099 [Volume:] 10 [Issue:] 4 [Article No.:] 80 [Year:] 2022 [Pages:] 1-21
Verlag: 
MDPI, Basel
Zusammenfassung: 
This study analyzes whether ongoing liberalization has resulted in more profound trade expansion for Indonesia versus regional partner countries. A gravity model is first employed to find whether regional trade agreements resulted in more significant intra-regional exports or diverted trade. This study applies the generalized method of moment (GMM-sys) and the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) estimator. Four groups of manufactured products are aggregated according to technology intensity, and two nature-based groups of products are estimated in the dynamic panel model. Additionally, revealed comparative advantage (RCA) and a trade balance index (TBI) for 5120 products are used to map goods based on specialization-advantage patterns. The gravity model indicates that regional trade agreements supported trade in manufactured and naturally sourced goods but not in high-tech and primary goods. Additionally, export expansion took place in goods that revealed comparative advantage and export specialization. Competition has increased between Indonesia and four regional trade partners: China, India, Thailand, and Vietnam. Indonesia gained from trading primary materials while losing in some low-cost manufacturing sectors. The potential for trade expansion remains large, as trade patterns differ among regional partners.
Schlagwörter: 
ASEAN
free trade agreements
gravity equation
Indonesia
products mapping
regional integration
regionalism
revealed comparative advantage
trade balance
trade creation
trade liberalization
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