Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/327704 
Year of Publication: 
2025
Series/Report no.: 
CESifo Working Paper No. 12094
Publisher: 
Munich Society for the Promotion of Economic Research - CESifo GmbH, Munich
Abstract: 
In addition to the well-known ifo Business Climate Index for Germany, the ifo Business Survey generates a wide range of further indicators based on monthly responses from around 9,000 companies across all major sectors. These indicators capture current business conditions, expectations, constraints, and sector-specific developments, and many have proven to be valuable leading signals for macroeconomic analysis. This paper provides a systematic guide to interpreting these indicators. We explain the main types of survey questions, outline the methods used to transform responses into economically meaningful measures, and highlight key aspects to consider when interpreting results. Practical examples illustrate how the indicators can be applied in economic analysis, policy advice, and business decision-making.
Subjects: 
ifo Business Survey
business climate
economic indicators
interpretation guide
JEL: 
C01
C82
C83
O11
Document Type: 
Working Paper
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