Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/325049 
Year of Publication: 
2025
Series/Report no.: 
IZA Discussion Papers No. 17991
Publisher: 
Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn
Abstract: 
The development of English-language skills, a near necessity in today's global economy, is heavily influenced by historical national decisions about whether to subtitle or dub TV content. While prior studies of language acquisition have focused on schools, we show the overwhelming influence of out-of-school learning. We identify the causal effect of subtitling in a difference-in-differences specification that compares English to math skills in European countries that do and do not use subtitles. We find a large positive effect of subtitling on English-language skills of over one standard deviation. The effect is robust to accounting for linguistic similarity, economic incentives to learn English, and cultural protectiveness. Consistent with oral TV transmission, the effect is larger for listening and speaking skills than for reading.
Subjects: 
TV
English as a foreign language
language skills
movies
dubbing
subtitles
JEL: 
I21
Z13
L82
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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