Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/323816 
Year of Publication: 
2025
Citation: 
[Journal:] EconPol Forum [ISSN:] 2752-1184 [Volume:] 26 [Issue:] 3 [Year:] 2025 [Pages:] 46-51
Publisher: 
CESifo GmbH, Munich
Abstract: 
Research & development (R&D) subsidies, especially defense R&D spending, raise private R&D investment (a crowd-in effect). Public R&D funding increases employment without driving up wages. Supported industries see gains in productivity. International spillovers amplify the impact across countries, underscoring the case for international coordination - particularly within the EU. Direct subsidies outperform tax credits in boosting total R&D.
Document Type: 
Article

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