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Erscheinungsjahr: 
2025
Schriftenreihe/Nr.: 
Helsinki GSE Discussion Papers No. 39
Verlag: 
Helsinki Graduate School of Economics, Helsinki
Zusammenfassung: 
We study the role of childhood gender conformity in generating gender gaps. We present a conceptual framework that uses gender norms to explain why some women make less profitable choices than comparable men. Using unique longitudinal survey and register data, we show that gender-nonconforming girls have substantially better education and labor market outcomes than gender-conforming girls. In contrast, gender-nonconforming boys perform substantially worse at school, sort into lowerpaying occupations, earn less, and have a greater incidence of mental health disorders and substance abuse during adulthood than gender-conforming boys. Our analyses suggest that such divergence develops from an early age.
Schlagwörter: 
gender nonconformity
gender norms
gender gaps
JEL: 
I21
J13
J15
J16
J24
ISBN: 
978-952-7543-38-2
Dokumentart: 
Working Paper

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