Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/309299.2 
Authors: 
Year of Publication: 
2025
Series/Report no.: 
GLO Discussion Paper No. 1555 [rev.]
Version Description: 
This Version: April 2025
Publisher: 
Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen
Abstract: 
Many factors are behind the persistent gender wage gap in a developing economy, such as occupational segregation, social norms, and gender attitudes. To narrow the gender wage gap, it is mandatory to create gender-inclusive work environments, increase minimum wages and implement labour market regulations. The present study investigates the gender wage gap for four occupational groups based on skill levels as per ISCO-8 guidelines in the case of a developing economy, Pakistan. This research has utilised the latest available Labour Force Survey (2020-21) data and applied the Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions and unconditional quantile regressions. The empirical outcome described that women earn lower wages in low and average-skilled occupations; however, in high and very-high-skilled occupations, women are in advantageous positions. In addition, the empirical estimation elaborates on the presence of glass ceiling effects in low, average, and very high-skilled occupations in Pakistan. To tackle the issue of the gender wage gap, governments, employers, and society must undertake a collective effort to achieve equal pay for equal work and provide adequate career opportunities in high-skilled occupations for women in developing economies.
Subjects: 
Gender wage gap
skill levels
occupations
glass ceiling
JEL: 
J08
J24
J31
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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2 10419/309299.2 This Version: April 2025
1 10419/309299 This Version: January 2025

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