Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/307201 
Year of Publication: 
2024
Series/Report no.: 
IZA Discussion Papers No. 17377
Publisher: 
Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn
Abstract: 
The social and legal recognition of nonbinary people—those who do not exclusively identify with traditionally male or female genders—is growing. Yet, we know little about their economic realities. We offer the first nationally representative evidence on the earnings of nonbinary people using restricted-access 2021 Canadian Census data linked to tax records. We find that, although nonbinary individuals tend to be more educated than their peers, they have significantly lower earnings, especially at the bottom of the income distribution, even after adjusting for various demographic and socioeconomic factors.
Subjects: 
nonbinary
transgender
gender minority
earnings
JEL: 
J1
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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