Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/305751 
Year of Publication: 
2024
Series/Report no.: 
IZA Discussion Papers No. 17309
Publisher: 
Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn
Abstract: 
This paper investigates whether the effects of children on the labor market outcomes of women relative to men — child penalties — are shaped by the work behavior of peers' parents during adolescence. Leveraging quasi-random variation in the fraction of peers with working parents across cohorts within schools, we find that greater exposure to working mothers during adolescence substantially reduces the child penalty in employment later in life. Conversely, we find that greater exposure to working fathers increases the penalty. Our findings suggest that parental role models during adolescence are critical for shaping child-related gender gaps in the labor market.
Subjects: 
child penalty
gender norms
long-run
JEL: 
J13
J16
J21
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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