Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/305677 
Year of Publication: 
2024
Series/Report no.: 
IZA Discussion Papers No. 17235
Publisher: 
Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn
Abstract: 
We employ a Gender-Based Plus (GBA+) and intersectionality lens to examine the triple whammy of the differential effect of Covid on the trifecta of being female, lower-skilled and facing a motherhood penalty from school-age children. We use a difference-in-difference framework with Canadian Labour Force Survey data to examine the differential effect of two waves of Covid on three outcomes: employment, hours worked, and hourly wages. We find that the trifecta of being female in a lower-skilled occupation and with school-age children is associated with lower employment, hours worked and wages in normal times compared to males in those same situations. As well, such females face the most severe adjustment consequence from major shocks like Covid, with that adjustment concentrated on the extensive margin of employment, and it is restricted to the immediate First Wave and not on a subsequent Omicron wave.
Subjects: 
trifecta
difference-in-Difference
labour market impacts
Omicron
COVID-19
woman
lower-skilled jobs
motherhood penalty
JEL: 
J13
J16
J64
J71
J78
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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