Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/278972 
Year of Publication: 
2023
Series/Report no.: 
IZA Discussion Papers No. 16274
Publisher: 
Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn
Abstract: 
I provide a new series of the average duration of emigrant voyages from Liverpool to New York from 1853 to 1913. Time on the crossing fell by 80 percent, from about 40 days to just eight, most of which occurred in the first two decades and was associated with the transition from sail to steam. The standard deviation of voyage durations also dramatically decreased. Although average transatlantic fares did not fall, if foregone earnings during the voyage are included, the total cost declined until the early 1900s, and especially so when measured in terms of the number of week's work.
Subjects: 
steam ships
transatlantic migration
voyage times
JEL: 
F22
O33
N73
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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