Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/272480 
Year of Publication: 
2023
Series/Report no.: 
IZA Discussion Papers No. 15853
Publisher: 
Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn
Abstract: 
This paper investigates the existence of an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) and its robustness for 28 countries of the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) over the recent period. Our methodology relies on four recent estimation methods for non-stationary panel data and includes four pollutants (two global and two local). Two main results emerge from our analysis. First, the EKC does not hold for most pollutants, and its validity crucially depends on the estimation techniques considered. Second, the Pooled-Mean Group method is the most favourable one and confirms the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship for CO2 and SO2. Our results provide beneficial information for decision-makers. They suggest implementing proactive instruments based on both flexible regulations and tax incentives to stimulate ecological transition.
Subjects: 
environmental Kuznets curve
pollution
regional integration
The Union for the Mediterranean
JEL: 
O44
Q53
R58
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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