Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/263098 
Year of Publication: 
2021
Series/Report no.: 
ILO Working Paper No. 32
Publisher: 
International Labour Organization (ILO), Geneva
Abstract: 
This paper documents the emergence and growth of digital labour markets in Eastern Europe. It shows that the development of two types of digital work - online work through online labour platforms and offline work mediated by mobile apps - have a different history, root causes and dynamics. While both are enabled by digital technologies, each attracts a different worker profile and results in different outcomes for workers. The paper also reviews policy responses to digital work in three areas: bringing digital work under the scope of existing regulations; ensuring fair competition with workers in traditional forms of employment; and improving formalization and better tax compliance of digital workers. It concludes by discussing how low scope for organizing digital workers, poor law enforcement and proliferation of new modes of digital work remain key obstacles for effective regulation.
Subjects: 
decent work
future of work
non-standard forms of employment
digital labour
conditions of employment
social dialogue
labour standards
gig economy
digital work
online labour markets
gig economy
labour platforms
work via apps
ISBN: 
978-92-2-033684-7
Creative Commons License: 
cc-by Logo
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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