Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/260812 
Year of Publication: 
2022
Series/Report no.: 
CESifo Working Paper No. 9682
Publisher: 
Center for Economic Studies and ifo Institute (CESifo), Munich
Abstract: 
Using Ramadan fasting as a natural experiment, we estimate the long-run impacts of in-utero health and nutrition shocks on adult outcomes. We exploit administrative tax return data comprising the universe of income tax returns filed in Pakistan during 2007–2009. The data allow us to link in-utero Ramadan exposure of individuals with their later life labor market outcomes. We find a robust negative effect of Ramadan exposure on earnings (a lower-bound estimate of around 2–3 percent). The exposed individuals are less likely to be in high-skilled occupations and less likely to be in the top of the income distribution. Using nationally representative survey data we show that our results are unlikely to be driven by selective timing of conception.
Subjects: 
nutrition shock
human capital
labor market outcomes
JEL: 
I15
J13
J24
Document Type: 
Working Paper
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