Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/250418 
Year of Publication: 
2021
Series/Report no.: 
IZA Discussion Papers No. 14757
Publisher: 
Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn
Abstract: 
In 1999, the "Bologna Process" was initiated to improve higher education enrolment, study success and students' employability across Europe, mainly by introducing the two-cycle degree structure of Bachelor (BA) and Master (MA). More than 20 years later, we examine whether these goals were met by reviewing quantitative articles from sociology and economics. We find that the literature is surprisingly small, selective, and ambiguous. While enrolment seems to have increased in countries implementing the reform more quickly, the evidence on study success is mixed and hardly available regarding student mobility. The results on employment outcomes are more consistent, with BA graduates having lower labour market returns than graduates with MA or traditional degrees. Altogether, studies often do not allow for causal conclusions and only provide a fragmented picture, which makes evidence-based adjustments in reform implementation difficult. This calls for further research using better data, more state-of-the-art methods and deeper theoretical reasoning.
Subjects: 
universities
education
employment
inequality
economics
sociology
JEL: 
I23
I28
Z13
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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