Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/247285 
Year of Publication: 
2021
Series/Report no.: 
GLO Discussion Paper No. 993
Publisher: 
Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen
Abstract: 
We examine the moderating role of being a supervisor for meaning and autonomy of self-employed and employed workers. We rely on regression analysis applied after entropy balancing based on a nationally representative dataset of over 80,000 individuals in 30 European countries for 2005, 2010, and 2015. We find that being a self-employed supervisor is correlated with more work meaningfulness and autonomy compared with being a salaried supervisor working for an employer. Wage supervisors and self-employed supervisors experience similar stress levels and have similar earnings, though selfemployed supervisors work longer hours. Moreover, solo entrepreneurs experience slightly less work meaningfulness, but more autonomy compared with self-employed supervisors. This may be explained by the fact that solo entrepreneurs earn less but have less stress and shorter working hours than selfemployed supervisors.
Subjects: 
self-employment
supervisors
autonomy
work meaningfulness
JEL: 
I31
L26
M10
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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