Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/244036 
Year of Publication: 
2020
Citation: 
[Journal:] Energy Reports [ISSN:] 2352-4847 [Volume:] 6 [Publisher:] Elsevier [Place:] Amsterdam [Year:] 2020 [Pages:] 336-342
Publisher: 
Elsevier, Amsterdam
Abstract: 
Grid integration remains one of the key challenges related to the worldwide expansion of distributed renewable energy systems. This paper presents innovative measures for increasing the hosting capacity of distribution grids with a focus on the medium-voltage grid, based on representative interviews with leading large-scale distribution system operators (DSOs) from Germany. For grid optimization, DSOs have implemented dynamic voltage control in substations, adapted the grid structure for renewables, applied the "N minus zero" rule for planning grid operation and used the capability of renewable energy systems to provide reactive power. For grid expansion, DSOs have installed voltage regulators, voltage-regulated distribution transformers, substations used exclusively for renewables, and express feeders that connect substations with the generation centers. This practical experience should also prove relevant for other countries currently planning the expansion of distributed renewable energy systems.
Subjects: 
Renewable energy
Distribution grid
Grid integration
Hosting capacity
Medium voltage grid
Persistent Identifier of the first edition: 
Creative Commons License: 
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Document Type: 
Article
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