Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/243458 
Year of Publication: 
2021
Series/Report no.: 
IZA Policy Paper No. 172
Publisher: 
Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn
Abstract: 
How much did rural sanitation in India change under the five years of the Swacch Bharat Mission? The best nationally representative statistics on sanitation in India have long come from the Demographic and Health Surveys, known as the National Family and Health Surveys in India. The fifth round, conducted in 2019 and 2020, was interrupted by the pandemic, but limited summary statistics have been released for some states. Here we analyze these statistics. We conclude that about half of the rural population in the four large Indian states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh continued to defecate in the open at the end of the Swacch Bharat Mission.
Subjects: 
India
sanitation
open defecation
Swacch Bharat Mission
SBM
NFHS
JEL: 
O15
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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