Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/232376 
Year of Publication: 
2020
Citation: 
[Journal:] CESifo Forum [ISSN:] 2190-717X [Volume:] 21 [Issue:] 04 [Publisher:] ifo Institut - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung an der Universität München [Place:] München [Year:] 2020 [Pages:] 33-36
Publisher: 
ifo Institut - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung an der Universität München, München
Abstract: 
In the educational production process of the school system, report cards provide a crucial performance feedback for students. Sweden was a pioneer in abolishing numerical grades from report cards in elementary school, as grades were considered harmful for students’ motivation to learn. In this article, we outline the Swedish reforms and summarize the existing evidence on the consequences of early grading. Overall, this evidence points towards mixed effects on student achievement and educational inequalities.
Document Type: 
Article

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