Zusammenfassung:
The increasing differentiation among developing countries, revealed by many indicators, also suggests that they have need of differing trade and development strategies. The following article reviews the across-the-board advice offered by agencies including the World Bank to “the” developing countries—“outward-orientation”, integration into the world economy, trade liberalisation-in the light of persistent shortages of foreign exchange and the limited capacity for structural adjustment, diversification and raising export levels in low-income primary commodity, exporting countries.