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    <title>EconStor Community: Institute for Applied Economic Research (IAW)</title>
    <link>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/65</link>
    <description>Institute for Applied Economic Research (IAW)</description>
    <pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2026 08:09:00 GMT</pubDate>
    <dc:date>2026-04-30T08:09:00Z</dc:date>
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      <title>EconStor Community: Institute for Applied Economic Research (IAW)</title>
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      <title>Tightening access to early retirement: Who can adapt?</title>
      <link>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/283171</link>
      <description>Title: Tightening access to early retirement: Who can adapt?
Authors: Boockmann, Bernhard; Kroczek, Martin; Laub, Natalie
Abstract: We study heterogeneity in the effects of two pension reforms in Germany that closed pathways into early retirement: the abolition of an old-age pension scheme for women and the abolition of a pension after unemployment or part-time work. We focus on heterogeneity with respect to several occupational characteristics. Both reforms had significant effects on individual employment states, and in both cases the effects differ significantly by occupation. The positive effect on employment is smaller in occupations with higher job strain and, in case of the old-age pension for women, the effect on unemployment is larger. The effects also differ by occupational tasks, PC use and the introduction of new technologies.</description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <dc:date>2023-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
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      <title>Content analysis with language models: Exploring a zero-shot learning approach</title>
      <link>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/283172</link>
      <description>Title: Content analysis with language models: Exploring a zero-shot learning approach
Authors: Kugler, Philipp; Bodry, Yvette; Kalweit, René; Koch, Andreas; Reiner, Marcel; Scheu, Tobias
Abstract: In this paper, we discuss whether and how Natural Language Processing (NLP) can be integrated into the workflows of conventional qualitative research to support the researcher. We focus on textual data which the researcher wants to analyse using predefined categories. We explore the possibility of car- rying out the coding step using NLP instead of assigning codes manually. Integrating such models into the qualitative research process makes the research more accessible and comprehensible for third parties and can contribute to moving research more into the direction of open science. Our study in- dicates that the procedure is potentially able to identify the core results. However, the findings also indicate that there are weaknesses which strongly depend on the specific text and the research ques- tion under investigation. We find that off-the-shelf language models are not able to distinguish be- tween related topics as clearly as humans can. Moreover, humans are able to understand and classify passages which only implicitly refer to a topic. Findings suggest that off-the-shelf language models frequently fail to identify such passages. We conclude that an importantstep to reliably apply language models in qualitative research consists of improving the models. Nevertheless, in their current state, off-the shelf language models can be used to validate the results obtained by manual coding. This could make qualitative research more traceable and fully reproducible.</description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <dc:date>2023-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
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      <title>Parenting styles, socioeconomic status and (non-)cognitive skills</title>
      <link>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/283167</link>
      <description>Title: Parenting styles, socioeconomic status and (non-)cognitive skills
Authors: Kugler, Philipp; Kroczek, Martin; Zühlke, Anne
Abstract: This paper analyzes the role of parenting styles, a recent topic in the economic literature. Using a novel latent class model, we investigate which parenting styles can be observed in the data and how parenting styles are related to parents' socioeconomic status and household composition. We identify four parenting styles. An authoritarian and an authoritative style closely resemble the styles proposed by psychologists. The two other styles are variations of these styles. The parenting styles are strongly associated with household income, education and whether a child is an only child. The results suggest that constraints in both time and (non-)cognitive skills of the parents restrict their choice. We find that children's skills, in particular non-cognitive skills, are strongly associated with the parenting style. Parenting styles that are associated with low household income and having more than one child are associated with lower skills of the child. Therefore, our results indicate that parenting styles might be an important factor in explaining the skill gap in early childhood between children from different socioeconomic origins.</description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <dc:date>2022-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
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      <title>Erwerbsverläufe und Einkommensentwicklung in der Pflege</title>
      <link>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/283166</link>
      <description>Title: Erwerbsverläufe und Einkommensentwicklung in der Pflege
Authors: Kroczek, Martin; Kugler, Philipp; Zühlke, Anne
Abstract: Die Studie untersucht mit Hilfe einer Sequenzanalyse den Zusammenhang von Erwerbsverläufen und Einkommensentwicklung für Pflegeberufe. Als Vergleichsberufe werden soziale und technische Berufe herangezogen. Die Datengrundlage bildet die Stichprobe der Integrierten Arbeitsmarktbiografien (SIAB). Zentrale Ergebnisse der Studie sind, dass sich Pflegeberufe vor allem durch hohe Einstiegseinkommen und eine hohe Stabilität im Einkommen im Gegensatz zu den Vergleichsberufen auszeichnen, sowie dass sich Einkommen nach Erwerbscluster heterogen entwickeln.</description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <dc:date>2022-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
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